“Procurator Felix (52-ca. 59 C.E.), as he is
depicted in Josephus’ texts,
in several ways appears to bear stronger
similarities to the Pilate
described in the Gospels, than Pilate himself”.
As professor Julius Sumner Miller would have asked:
Why is it that Josephus’s procurator Felix, conventionally dated to c. 50 AD, may better fit the biblical description of Pontius Pilate than does Pilate himself, conventionally at c. 30 AD?
The answer to this question comes fairly easy to a hardened
revisionist such as myself.
Similarly, the question is asked - and I have answered it -
why does king Nabonidus of Babylon (conventionally dated to c. 540 BC) better
fit the Book of Daniel’s description of the Chaldean “King Nebuchednezzar” than
does the historical Nebuchednezzar (II) (c. 600 BC, conventional dating)
himself?
Simple answer: The
Babylonian history has been over-extended and heavily duplicated.
King Nabonidus is very much like Daniel’s “Nebuchednezzar”
because he was, in fact, Daniel’s “Nebuchednezzar”
– {and Nabonidus was also the historical Nebuchednezzar II}.
And Nebuchednezzar II’s son, Belshazzar (also known as
Evil-Merodach), the son-successor of “Nebuchednezzar” in the Book of Daniel’s
famous chapter 5 (the ‘Writing on the Wall’), was simply the same person as
Nabonidus’s well-known son, Belshazzar.
I have written by now various articles on this subject of
neo-Babylonian revision, including:
"Nebuchednezzar" of the Book of Daniel
Ashurbanipal and Nabonidus
Instinctively now, therefore, I would incline to the view
that Procurator Felix was so like the biblical Pilate because he was Pontius Pilate. No need, then, for
any 20-year “time shift”.
A
suggested procuratorial merger
The Bible never calls him Marcus Antonius Felix,
just “Felix”,
which could well be simply a nickname.
My
suggestion would be - as already strongly hinted in the first part of this
article - that the Pontius Pilate of the Gospels was the same as the “Felix” of
the Book of Acts.
Whether
accurately or not, this Felix has come down to us variously as Marcus Antonius
(Roman writers) and as Claudius (Josephus).
He,
Pontius Pilate in the Gospels, is Felix in the Book of Acts.
This use
of different names for the same person in different books of the Bible - or, in
the same book, but recounted by different authors (or different sources), is
not uncommon.
Thus we
have found that the story of the abduction by “Pharaoh” of Abram’s wife, Sarai,
in Ishmael’s toledôt, becomes almost
like a different story at the hands (or toledôt)
of Isaac, in which “Pharaoh” is newly named, “Abimelech”:
Toledôt Explains
Abram's Pharaoh
Now Lena
Einhorn has well shown, in “Jesus and
the Egyptian Prophet”, that the
Procurator Felix of Acts fits the biblical Pontius Pilate, though without her
identifying Felix as Pilate: http://lenaeinhorn.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Jesus-and-the-Egyptian-Prophet-12.11.25.pdf
PONTIUS PILATE
Changing the names of authority
figures in the gospel texts, in order to detect (or disguise) parallels in the
historical sources, would at the same time be a simple and a radical
intervention. It would with one stroke of the pen move the narrative to a different
era, but it would also likely bestow upon these authority figures
characteristics and circumstances which are not in reality theirs. When
comparing the gospel descriptions of various dignitaries with those from
Josephus, not only does such a pattern indeed seem to emerge; in addition,
there is some consistency with regard to which dignitaries would change names,
and when they are active. Procurator Felix (52-ca. 59 C.E.), as he is
depicted in Josephus’ texts, in several ways appears to bear stronger
similarities to the Pilate described in the Gospels, than Pilate himself.
As noted above, in Josephus’
accounts of Pilate’s reign we find no descriptions of robbers,
nor
of crucifixions of Jews, or co-reigning high priests, or open conflict between
Galileans and Samaritans. Under Felix, and under Cumanus, we do.
There are other examples. Luke
13:1 reads: “At that very time there were some present who told him about the
Galileans whose blood Pilate had mingled with their sacrifices.” This statement
fits poorly with Pilate. To begin with, Pilate was not the ruler of Galilee,
Herod Antipas was. Secondly, the only registered violent encounter between
Pilate and the Jews occurred in Jerusalem – thus in Judea – when non-violent
protests against the aqueduct prompted Pilate to instruct his soldiers “with
their staves to beat those that made the clamour” (B.J. 2.175-177).
This stands in stark contrast to
what occurred under Felix, in particular. Felix, unlike Pilate, was the ruler
not only of Judea, but also of “Samaria, Galilee, and Peraea” (B.J. 2.247;
the western part of Galilee after 54 C.E.). At this point, “the country was
again filled with robbers and impostors”, a disproportionate amount of whom
were Galileans,30
and
Felix was exceptionally cruel in dealing with these insurgents. As Josephus
writes: “But as to the number of the robbers whom he caused to be crucified,
and of those who were caught among them, and whom he brought to punishment,
they were a multitude not to be enumerated” (B.J. 2.253).
Tacitus, in turn, puts much of
the blame for the emerging rebellion on Felix and Cumanus (Ann. 12.54).
There are other, more personal,
examples: the Gospels attribute great influence to Pilate’s wife (Matt. 27:19:
“While he was sitting on the judgement seat, his wife sent word to him, ‘Have
nothing to do with that innocent man ...’”). The Gospels also mention a feud
between Pilate and the Jewish king (Luke 23:12: “That same day Herod and Pilate
became friends with each other; before this they had been enemies.”)
In contrast, Josephus does not
mention Pilate’s wife, and, more significantly, fails to mention any animosity
between Pilate and Herod Antipas (Philo does mention one possible occasion of
disagreement – when “the four sons of the king” [Herod] are asked by the people
to implore Pilate to remove the guilt shields, or ensigns, from Jerusalem).31
Josephus does, however, describe
a significant – and very personal – disagreement between Felix and Herod
Agrippa II. The conflict concerns the procurator’s wife. Felix had fallen in
love with Agrippa’s sister, princess Drusilla (A.J. 20.141-144). But
Drusilla was not only married; Agrippa had forced her first husband, king
Azizus, to convert to Judaism. Now Felix “endeavored to persuade her to forsake
her present husband, and marry him”, which Drusilla did, thus “transgressing
the laws of her forefathers” (A.J. 20.137-144; cf. Acts 24:24).
Hence, a prominent wife, and a
personal disagreement with a Jewish ruler, are aspects of Felix’ life; not, as
far as is known, of Pilate’s.
Yet another example: the text in
Luke 23:6-7 does, if it pertains to Pilate and Herod Antipas, contain a curious
tautology: “When Pilate heard this, he asked whether the man was a Galilean.
And when he learned that he was under Herod’s jurisdiction, he sent him off to
Herod ...” Since Pilate ruled Judea, and Herod Antipas ruled Galilee, the words
“under Herod’s jurisdiction” seem superfluous. A more logical sentence would
have read: “When Pilate heard this, he asked whether the man was a Galilean.
And when he learned that he was, he sent him off to Herod ...”
With Felix and Herod Agrippa II,
however, the sentence makes perfect sense. From 54 C.E., jurisdiction
over Galilee was divided between them – with Felix ruling over western Galilee,
and Herod Agrippa II ruling over the eastern parts. Thus, the information that
Jesus is a Galilean would not automatically put him under Herod’s jurisdiction.
In conclusion, there are in the
Gospels a number of characteristics and events ascribed to Pilate or his times
which, judging by Josephus, fit better with later procurators, principally Felix,
procurator in the 50s (Table 1).
[End of quote]
The
“Egyptian” of Acts 21:38
‘Are you not the
Egyptian, then, who recently stirred up a revolt and led
the four
thousand men of the Assassins out into the wilderness?’
Acts
21:38
My conclusion has been in this series that the reason why
Procurator Felix so resembles the biblical Procurator Pontius Pilate is because
he was the same person as Pilate.
The governor called “Pontius Pilate” in the Gospels is
referred to instead, in Acts, simply as “Felix”.
This, I would suspect, was the Procurator’s nickname.
Admittedly, Peter and John do mention him by the name of
Pontius Pilate in Acts 4:27, but this is I would take to be a direct quote from
the Apostles: ‘Indeed Herod and Pontius Pilate met
together with the Gentiles and the people of Israel in this city to conspire
against your holy servant Jesus, whom you anointed’.
My identifying Pontius Pilate with Felix (conventionally separated
by some two decades) would, so I believe, account for why Lena Einhorn has arrived at her ‘time shift’ of two
decades theory:
The length of governorship of Pontius Pilate would
now, according to my own view, be much expanded due to the inclusion of Felix
(and vice versa). That is why Paul is able to say to Felix (Acts 24:10): ‘I
cheerfully make my defence, knowing that for
many years you have been a judge over this nation’.
The Greek phrase
for the words in italics (for many years)
is:
Ἐκ πολλῶν
ἐτῶν
Lena
also claims to have found significant likenesses between the Egyptian and
Jesus: http://lenaeinhorn.se/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Jesus-and-the-Egyptian-Prophet-12.11.25.pdf
Perhaps the
most significant aspect of Felix’s procuratorship, however, is that if the
30s are devoid of strong Jewish messianic leaders, the 50s are not.35 And the most
important of them is one that Josephus describes at length, in both his major
works (A.J. 20.169-172; B.J. 2.261-263; cf. Acts 21:38):
There came out
of Egypt about this time to Jerusalem one that said he was a prophet, and
advised the multitude of the common people to go along with him to the Mount
of Olives, as it was called, which lay over against the city, and at the
distance of five furlongs. He said further, that he would show them from
hence how, at his command, the walls of Jerusalem would fall down; and he
promised them that he would procure them an entrance into the city through
those walls, when they were fallen down. Now when Felix was informed of these
things, he ordered his soldiers to take their weapons, and came against them
with a great number of horsemen and footmen from Jerusalem, and attacked the
Egyptian and the people that were with him. He also slew four hundred of
them, and took two hundred alive. But the Egyptian himself escaped out of the
fight, but did not appear any more (A.J. 20.169-172).
The
description in B.J. 2.261-263 is similar, but more negative. And it
adds the information that this messianic leader “got together thirty thousand
men” that he “led round about from the wilderness to the mount which was
called the Mount of Olives”. The ensuing battle is described in a similar
way.
There are
significant differences, but had the Egyptian been active in the 30s, instead
of in the 50s, historians would undoubtedly have made comparisons with Jesus
from Nazareth.
[End of quote]
|
Much of Josephus’s description of “the Egyptian”,
for example the Mount of Olives aspect, does not appear at all in the brief
biblical account, the location there being “the wilderness”.
Quite a difference!
Moreover, the chronology - the “recently” or
“before these days” (πρὸ τούτων τῶν ἡμερῶν) – would be closer to the latter part of Paul’s
life rather than to the time of the ministry of Jesus.
Josephus, writing after these events, had
apparently confused the incident of the arrest of Jesus, well known as a Jew (Matthew 27:37; Mark 15:9; Luke 23:38; John 19:3), with the later
revolt of the obscure “Egyptian” insurrectionist.
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